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Regional Basic Science
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Topics
Regional Basic Science
Topics
Foot and Ankle
Physiology
Physiology of nerve function around the foot and ankle
Anatomy
Surgical approaches: ankle, subtalar joint, mid-tarsal joint and forefoot and arthroscopic access
Anatomy of the foot and ankle and related structures
Surgical approach to Weber B ankle fractures
Pathology
Inflammatory, degenerative and infective conditions of the foot and ankle
Instability of the foot and ankle
The neuropathic foot
Pain
Causes of foot pain
Biomechanics & Biomaterials
Biomechanics of the foot and ankle
Biomechanics of tendon transfer techniques
Biomechanics of the various types of ankle and first ray prostheses including the factors influencing design, wear and loosening
The functional role of orthotic devices
Investigations
Role of diagnostic and guided injections of the foot and ankle
Role of examination under anaesthetic and diagnostic arthroscopy
Neurophysiology in foot and ankle disorders
Radiological investigations to assess foot and ankle conditions
Critical Conditions
Compartment syndrome
Assessments
History and examination of the foot and ankle including special clinical tests
Treatments - Operative
Prosthetic replacement in the foot and ankle
Arthroscopy of the foot and ankle
Amputations in the foot and ankle
Arthrodesis in the foot and ankle
Ligament reconstruction in the foot and ankle
The rheumatoid foot and ankle
The neuropathic foot
Management of tendon, ligament and nerve injuries
Excision arthroplasty
First ray surgery
Lesser toe surgery
Treatments - Non operative
Footwear modifications, orthoses and total contact casting
Rehabilitation of the foot and ankle
Treatments-Complications
Management of failed arthroplasty and management of failed soft tissue surgery
Deformity
Acquired and developmental deformities of the foot and ankle
Knee
Anatomy
Surgical approaches to the knee and arthroscopic access
Anatomy of the knee joint and related structures
Physiology
Physiology of nerve function around the knee.
Pain
Causes of the painful knee
Biomechanics & Biomaterials
Biomechanics of the knee
Biomechanics of knee arthroplasty
Investigations
Radiological investigation to assess the knee
Diagnostic and therapeutic injections
Examination under anaesthetic and arthroscopy
Neurophysiology in knee disorders
Critical Conditions
Neurovascular injuries
Assessments
History and examination of the knee joint including special clinical tests
Treatments - Operative
Arthroplasty of the knee
Arthroscopy of the knee
Techniques available to repair and replace articular cartilage
Management of tendon, ligament and nerve injuries
Ligamentous instability of the knee
Patello-femoral disorders
Meniscal pathology
Degenerative and inflammatory arthritis
Principles of revision surgery for failed arthroplasty
Treatments - Non operative
Orthoses
Treatments-Complications
Failed arthroplasty and soft tissue surgery
Pathology
Inflammatory, degenerative and infective conditions of the knee
Instability of the knee, including the patellofemoral joint
Acquired and developmental deformities of the knee
Deformity
Acquired and developmental deformities of the knee
Neoplasia
Benign and malignant conditions in the knee and surrounding structures
Hip
Anatomy
Anatomy of the hip and pelvic region and related structures
Surgical approaches to the hip including arthroscopic access
Physiology
Physiology of nerve function affecting the hip
Pathology
Impingement disorders
Inflammatory, degenerative and infective conditions of the hip
Acute and chronic infections of the hip
Primary and secondary tumours around the hip
Primary and Secondary Tumours around the Hip
Pain
The painful hip
Biomechanics and biomaterials
Biomechanics of the hip
Biomechanics of hip arthroplasty
Investigations
Hip arthroscopy
Radiological investigations to assess the hip
Diagnostic and guided injections
Neurophysiology in hip disorders
Assessments
History and examination of hip including special clinical tests
Treatments - Operative
Arthroplasty of the hip
Arthroscopy of the hip
Soft tissue surgery, osteotomy, osteoplasty and arthrodesis of the hip
Management of tendon, ligament and nerve injuries
Treatments - Non operative
Orthoses
Treatments-Complications
Failed arthroplasty and soft tissue surgery
Deformity
Acquired and developmental deformity around the hip
Spine
Anatomy
Development of the spine, spinal cord and nerve roots
Anatomy and principles of surgical approaches: anterior and posterior at each level and endoscopic access
Physiology
Physiology of nerve function affecting the spinal cord and emerging nerves
Spinal shock and associated secondary problems
Biomechanics and biomaterials
Biomechanics of the cervical and lumbar spine
Spinal deformity
Spinal instrumentation and internal fixation devices
Use of spinal bracing
Investigations
Electrophysiological studies (including cord monitoring)
Radiological investigations (and their interpretation) used to assess common spine conditions
Role of biopsy including routes and complications
Role of diagnostic and therapeutic injections
Blood tests (Spine)
Pathology
Acute and chronic infections of the spine
Metabolic conditions affecting the spine
Neurological conditions affecting the spine
The aging spine and degenerative disease
Deformity
Congenital and acquired conditions causing deformity around the spine e.g. scoliosis and kyphosis
Pain
Causes of the acutely painful back, including referred pain e.g. acute prolapsed disc
Neoplasia
Primary and secondary tumours of the spine
Critical conditions
Cauda equina syndrome
Spinal trauma - assessment, immediate care and appropriate referral
Infections e.g. tuberculosis
Important complications of inflammatory spinal conditions - rheumatoid instability and ankylosing spondylitis
Metastatic spinal cord compression
The painful spine in the child
Assessments
History and examination of the painful and injured spine including special clinical tests
Examinations of conditions causing referred symptoms to the spine (e.g. renal pain)
Recognition of somatisation
Assessment of patients after failed spinal surgery for deformity and reconstruction for non- degenerative disease
Treatments - Operative
Principles of the application of spinal bracing
Indications, options and complications for compressive conditions
Indications, options and complications of instability of the spine
Principles of management of tumours around the spine
Principles of management of deformity of the spine
Treatments - Non-operative
Non-operative treatment of disorders ,such as low back pain, sciatica
Management of spinal fractures e.g. osteoporotic fractures
Principles of interventional radiology in the management of spinal problems
Initial and ward care of the paralysed patient
Treatments-Complications
Management of failed spinal surgery
Management of consequences of delayed surgery
Hand
Anatomy
Anatomy of the wrist and hand region and related structures
Surgical approaches in the hand and wrist and arthroscopic access
Physiology
Physiology of nerve function around the hand
Pathology
Dupuytren's disease
Inflammatory, degenerative and infective conditions of the hand and wrist
Pain
The painful hand and wrist
Biomechanics & Biomaterials
Biomechanics of the hand and wrist
Investigations
Examination under anaesthetic and arthroscopy
Radiological investigations to assess the hand and wrist
Neurophysiology of the hand and wrist
Diagnostic and guided injections
Critical Conditions
Compartment syndrome
Assessments
History and examination of the hand and wrist including special clinical tests
Treatments - Operative
Prosthetic replacement in the hand and wrist
Excision arthroplasty in the hand and wrist
Arthroscopy of the hand and wrist
Arthrodesis in hand and wrist
Entrapment neuropathies
The rheumatoid hand and wrist
The congenital hand
Dupuytren's disease
Treatments - Non operative
Rehabilitation of the hand and wrist
Orthoses
Deformity
Acquired and developmental deformity around the hand and wrist
Treatments-Complications
Failed arthroplasty and soft tissue surgery
Elbow
Anatomy
Anatomy of the elbow region and related structures
Surgical approaches to the elbow and arthroscopic access
Physiology
Physiology of nerve function around the elbow
Pathology
Inflammatory, degenerative and infective conditions of the elbow
Compressive neurological problems around the elbow
Instability around the elbow
Causes of elbow stiffness
Deformity
Acquired and developmental deformity around the elbow
Pain
The painful elbow
Biomechanics & Biomaterials
Biomechanics of the elbow
Biomechanics of elbow arthroplasty
Investigations
Radiological investigations to assess the elbow
Diagnostic and guided injections
Examination under anaesthetic and arthroscopy
Neurophysiology in elbow disorders
Assessments
History and examination of the elbow including special clinical tests
Treatments - Operative
Degenerative and inflammatory arthritis
Arthroplasty of the elbow
Arthroscopy of the elbow
Ligamentous instability
Entrapment neuropathy
Soft tissue conditions
The rheumatoid elbow
Treatments - Non-operative
Rehabilitation of the elbow
Orthoses
Treatments-Complications
Management of the failed arthroplasty and soft tissue surgery
Shoulder
Anatomy
Anatomy of the shoulder girdle and related structures
Surgical approaches to the shoulder girdle including arthroscopic access
Physiology
Physiology of nerve function around the shoulder
Pathology
Impingement and rotator cuff disorders
Instability and labral pathology of the shoulder
Inflammatory, degenerative and infective conditions of the shoulder girdle
Shoulder stiffness
Deformity
Acquired and developmental deformity around the shoulder
Pain
The painful shoulder
Biomechanics & Biomaterials
Biomechanics of the shoulder girdle
Biomechanics of shoulder arthroplasty
Investigations
Radiological investigations to assess the shoulder
Diagnostic and guided injections
Examination under anaesthetic and arthroscopy
Neurophysiology in shoulder and brachial plexus disorders
Assessments
History and examination of the shoulder girdle, including special clinical tests
Examination of the brachial plexus
Treatments - Operative
Arthroplasty of the shoulder
Arthroscopy of the shoulder
Soft tissue disorders of the shoulder girdle
Arthrodesis, osteotomy and excision arthroplasty
Reconstructive surgery for brachial plexus and other neurological disorders
Treatments - Non-operative
Rehabilitation of the shoulder
Orthoses
Treatments-Complications
Management of failed arthroplasty and soft tissue surgery
Trauma
Physiology
Physiological response to trauma
Pathology
Delayed and non-union
Fractures in abnormal bone
Deformity
Mal-union of fractures
Pain
Pain relief in trauma patients
Biomechanics & Biomaterials
Principles of open reduction and internal fixation/external fixation of fractures
Splintage and traction
Principles of casting
Investigations
Radiological investigations to assess the injured patient
Critical Conditions
Compartment syndrome
Neurovascular injuries
Physiological response to trauma
Anatomy
Regional anatomy for trauma
Surgical approaches for bone and soft tissue injuries
Approaches for hip fractures
Approaches for Weber B ankle fractures
Treatments
The trauma team
Treatments - Operative
Fracture management (closed, open and pathological)
Soft tissue management
Amputation
Treatments - Non-operative
Non-operative management of fractures
Rehabilitation of the injured patient
Treatments-Complications
Reconstructive surgery in non-unions/mal-unions
Spine
The acute fracture and dislocation
Spinal shock and cord syndromes
Pelvis
Pelvic/acetabular fracture stabilisation
Recognition of visceral/neurovascular damage
Shoulder
Clavicle fractures
Proximal humeral fractures
The dislocated shoulder
Brachial plexus and other nerve injuries
Humeral shaft fractures
Elbow
Proximal ulnar fractures
Distal humeral fractures
Proximal radial injuries
Radius and ulnar shaft fractures
Wrist
Distal radius fractures
Scaphoid fractures
Carpal injuries
Hand
Metacarpal and digital injuries
The mangled hand
Proximal femur
Proximal femoral fractures
Femoral shaft fractures
Knee and lower leg
Periarticular fractures around the knee
Tibial shaft fractures
Ankle
Periarticular fractures around the ankle
Weber B ankle fractures
Foot
Hindfoot injuries
Midfoot injuries
Forefoot injuries
The crushed foot
Peri-prosthetic fractures
Management of fractures around prostheses and implants
Assessments
Initial clinical assessment of the injured patient
Priorities of treatment and identification of life/limb-threatening injuries
Paediatric Orthopaedic Surgery
Anatomy
Growth of bones, physeal anatomy and its application to fracture types and pathological processes and infection in particular
Anatomy of bones and joints in the growing child and its application to growth and deformity
Neurological processes involved in the production of deformity e.g. spina bifida, cerebral palsy and muscular dystrophy
Clinical Assessment
History and examination of the child
Involving the parents in the assessment
Assessing the disabled child
Investigations
Indications for plain x-ray, arthrogram, CT, MRI and the how to interpret the images
Indications for the use of ultrasound and nuclear imaging
Limitations of investigations in paediatric practice
Critical Conditions
The painful hip in a child
Treatments - Operative
Slipped Upper Femoral Epiphysis (SUFE)
Fractures (including non-accidental injury) and growth plate injuries and their sequelae
Skeletal dysplasias
Tarsal coalitions
Torticollis
Bone and joint infection
Common childhood orthopaedic conditions, e.g. irritable hip, anterior knee pain
Forefoot deformities
Congenital hand abnormalities
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Perthes' disease
Leg length discrepancy
Developmental dysplasia of the hip
Talipes
Scoliosis
Treatments - Non-operative
The treatment of normal variants such knock knees, flat feet, femoral anteversion
Orthoses
Rehabilitation of the child
Determining physical disability
Screening for congenital abnormalities
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Postgraduate Orthopaedics
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